A voltage converter is an electric power converter that changes the voltage of an electrical power source. On this page, I am going to talk about the DC-DC converter. In the DC-DC converter, there are 3 types. 1. Step-down(Buck) converter: Where the output voltage of the converter is lower than the input voltage. In a buck converter, there are two types of modes. Continuous conduction mode(CCM) and Discontinuous conduction mode(DCM). During CCM(Mode 1), while switch S is on, the voltage of the load is conducted as V_s. During DCM(Mode 2), while switch S is off, any current doesn't flow. V_a=F(t_on, f_s) is a linear function. t_on is the on pulse width. Controlling t_on is known as PWM control. f_s is the switching frequency. Low current ripple(by adding inductor) This is a buck converter which provides a low current ripple by adding an inductor on load. Low voltage ripple(by adding capacitor) This is a buck converter which provides low voltage rippl